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Choice of business vehicle—tax comparison table This table compares the tax treatment of: • sole traders • partnerships (which in this table includes general partnerships, limited liability partnerships and limited partnerships), and • companies This table does not consider any reliefs or exemptions which may be available to particular taxpayers or any anti-avoidance provisions which might apply to particular circumstances. For the rates and thresholds applicable in the current tax year, see Practice Note: Key UK tax rates, thresholds and allowances. For further details about the tax treatment of each type of business vehicle, see Practice Note: Forms of business vehicle—tax summary. For further details on the choice between the types of business vehicle, see Practice Note: Tax influences on choice of business vehicle. Point of comparison Sole trader Partnership Company Tax treatment No separate taxable entity—sole trader taxed as individual with trading activity No separate taxable entity—partner taxed as individual on a notional trade representing his share of the partnership Separate taxable entity—company taxed on all...
Website terms and conditions for supply of services to consumers—checklist This Checklist sets out the essential points that should be considered when drafting or updating online terms and conditions for the supply of services to consumers. It should be used where a lawyer wants to make sure that such terms and conditions comply with consumer protection legislation (and any guidance issued under it). This Checklist should be used in addition to the following: • Key consumer information requirements—checklist • Information requirements under the Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013—checklist • Consumer cancellation rights under the Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013—Services—Flowchart • General information to be disclosed by e-commerce websites—checklist • Drafting consumer contracts—checklist For a discussion on the key legal issues to consider when designing and developing a business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce website for trading with consumers, see Practice Note: Business to consumer e-commerce—legal issues. Introduction Businesses that transact with consumers are subject to more onerous legislative requirements and, consequently, need to pay close...
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Ireland—Parties to an action STOP PRESS: SI No 14/2025 Rules of the Superior Courts (Guardian ad litem and next friend) 2025 (Ireland) amends Order 15 of the Rules of the Superior Courts (RSC) to provide the procedure for appointment of a next friend for a child plaintiff and of a guardian ad litem for a child defendant. This Practice Note will be updated shortly to reflect the relevant changes. Scope of this Practice Note This Practice Note provides an overview of the types of parties who may become involved (whether as plaintiff, defendant, third parties or notice parties) in civil litigation in Ireland, and the key procedural issues and practical considerations of which their legal advisors should be aware. It deals with the following types of party: corporations, partnerships, sole traders, minors, persons who lack capacity, the estate of a deceased party, State parties, notice parties, amicus curaie and litigants in person. This Practice Note also deals with the procedure for joining a party to proceedings, removing or substituting...
Wales: Land transaction tax (LTT)—administration and compliance Land transaction tax (LTT) replaced stamp duty land tax (SDLT) in Wales with effect from 1 April 2018. This Practice Note highlights the administrative and compliance issues in relation to LTT including: • filing returns and payment • managing and collection of LTT by the Welsh Revenue Authority (WRA) • amendment and correction of returns • enquiries • assessments • penalties Where relevant, comparisons between LTT and SDLT are highlighted. The Practice Note expands on the basics of LTT set out in the Practice Note: Wales: Land transaction tax (LTT)—the basics. Provision for LTT is contained in the Land Transaction Tax and Anti-avoidance of Devolved Taxes (Wales) Act 2017 (LTTADT(W)A 2017). Statutory references are to the LTTADT(W)A 2017 unless stated otherwise. Administration LTT is administered by the WRA. The WRA is a non-ministerial department of Welsh Government with its own board and staff. The WRA is headquartered in Merthyr Tydfil. LTT returns When a notifiable land transaction has been entered...
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Facility letter (term loan): single company borrower—bilateral—unsecured [TO BE PRINTED ON THE HEADED PAPER OF THE LENDER] [insert name and address of borrower] [insert date] Dear [insert full name of borrower] We offer to place at your disposal a Sterling loan facility in the aggregate principal amount of £[insert amount in figures] ([insert amount in words] Sterling) [for the purpose of [insert details]] on the following terms and conditions: 1 Definitions 1.1 In this letter, unless otherwise provided: Base Rate • means the base rate of [the Lender OR [insert name of Bank]] for the time being and from time to time; Borrower • means [insert name of company], a company incorporated in England and Wales with registered number [insert company number] whose registered office is at [insert address]; Business Day • means a day, other than a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday, on which banks are open for business in London; Commitment Expiry Date • means the earlier of the date falling [insert number]...
Deed of retirement from partnership This Deed of retirement is made on [insert day and month] 20[insert year] Parties 1 [Insert name of retiring partner] of [insert address] (Retiring Partner), and 2 The persons whose names and addresses are set out in Schedule 1 (Continuing Partners). Recitals: (A) The Partners have been carrying on business in partnership under the terms of the Partnership Agreement. (B) The Retiring Partner is to retire from the Partnership on the Retirement Date. (C) The provisions of this deed shall apply to the retirement of the Retiring Partner in place of any provisions of the Partnership Act 1890 and the Partnership Agreement that would otherwise apply to the retirement of the Retiring Partner. The parties agree: 1 Definitions and interpretation 1.1 In this deed: Accountants • means [insert name of Partnership's accountants] or such other firm of accountants as may be appointed to replace them in accordance with the provisions of the Partnership Agreement; Accounting Date • means [insert Partnership accounting date]; Accounting...
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Can a limited partner of a private fund limited partnership (PFLP) also be the sole director and shareholder of the PFLP's general partner? For the purposes of this Q&A, it is assumed that: • the relevant private fund limited partnership (PFLP) is established in England • the PFLP’s general partner is appointed as the relevant authorised person to manage the PFLP under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA 2000) • the PFLP is a collective investment scheme (CIS) as defined in FSMA 2000, s 235 Limited liability status Where a limited partner of a PFLP also serves as the sole shareholder and director of the PFLP’s general partner (GP), this may have an impact on the limited liability status of the limited partner concerned. A key feature of limited partnerships, including PFLPs, is that their limited partners enjoy limited liability status, provided that such limited partners do not participate in the management of the limited partnership business. Where the limited partner in question is the sole shareholder and...
Do you have an agreement between two unincorporated associations that wish to merge? An unincorporated association: • is an organisation formed when two or more persons (the members) carry on activities together for a common purpose • does not operate for the purpose of generating profit (in fact, if two or more persons carry on business for the purpose of making a profit, a partnership will be established and partnership law will apply—see Practice Note: The nature of a general partnership and its legal framework) • is not a separate legal entity from its members and officers, which means that the officers and members are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the association, and • may not enter into contracts, own assets, sue or be sued in its own name Given that an unincorporated association is not a separate legal entity from its members, the members themselves are likely to need to enter any agreement to sell its assets and operations to (or merge them with) another unincorporated...
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This week's edition of Corporate weekly highlights includes news of confirmation from the government that it intends to proceed, in 2027, to replace stamp duty and stamp duty reserve tax (SDRT) with a single, self-assessed tax on securities. In connection with this, the government has also launched a consultation on modernising the rules concerning the legislation concerning imposing the 1.5% higher rate charge on stamp taxes on shares.
This week’s edition of Private Client highlights includes: (1) Hubbard v Hubbard, where the lack of credible evidence resulted in the disallowance of a claim for trustee expenses; (2) NHS South East London ICB v JP & the Royal Hospital for Neuro-Disability, which considered issues of dignity, delay, and declarations on best interests; (3) R (YVR) v Birmingham City Council, a decision involving adult social care charging policies, the public sector equality duty, and severely disabled adults; (4) HMRC publishes Tax update spring 2025; (5) CIOT’s response to the consultation on reforms to agricultural property relief and business property relief concerning their application in relation to trusts; (6) Patel v Patel, where the High Court resolved a dispute between two executors over the funeral arrangements for their father, and (7) the Courts and Tribunals Judiciary publishes updated AI guidance and introduces Copilot Chat for judges.
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